Orange Roughy
Third
MSC Surveillance Audit 2025

New Zealand Orange Roughy Trawl Fisheries

Three New Zealand orange roughy fisheries (ORH 3B East and South Chatham Rise, ORH 3B North West Chatham Rise, and ORH 7A including Westpac Bank) were first certified by MRAG Americas against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Standard (CR v1.3) in 2016.

In August 2022, these fisheries were recertified as sustainable against CR v2.01.

MRAG Americas' Surveillance Reports (below) contain the results of the first and second annual surveillance audits. MRAG Americas has determined that ORH 3B NWCR and ORH 7A conform with the MSC Fishery Standard and should remain certified. In October 2023, Deepwater Council self-suspended ORH 3B ESCR from the MSC programme until a stock assessment is completed, and in the meantime has developed a Fisheries Improvement Plan for this fishery. You can track progress against this FIP on the MSC Track a Fishery webpage.

Deepwater Council makes all non-confidential information provided to the Conformance Assessment Body publicly available on this webpage to ensure all documents are easily accessible by all participants.

Surveillance Report

MRAG Americas' MSC 1st Surveillance Report (Dec 2023) is available here.
MRAG Americas' MSC 2nd Surveillance Report (Feb 2025) is available here.

Summary Situation Report

A summary of the key information from these references can be found in the Summary Situation Report - to be uploaded

PRINCIPLE 1 - SUSTAINABLE FISH STOCKS

"A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or depletion of the exploited populations and, for those populations that are depleted, the fishery must be conducted in a manner that demonstrably leads to their recovery."

The intent of this principle is to ensure that the productive capacities of the resources are maintained at high levels and are not sacrificed in favour of short-term interests.

Key P1 References

Please contact us if any of these links are not working - inge@seafood.co.nz.

References in bold are to be checked/updated as required.

Cordue, P. L. (2014). A Management Strategy Evaluation for orange roughy. ISL Client Report prepared for Deepwater Group. 42 p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Cordue-2014-A-Management-Strategy-Evaluation-for-Orange-Roughy.-ISL-Re....pdf

Cordue, P. L. (2019). Review of the Harvest Control Rule for orange roughy fisheries in New Zealand. ISL client report for Deepwater Group. 28 p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/09-Cordue-2019-HCR-Review-Final.pdf

Cordue, P.L. (2019a). A 2019 stock assessment of ORH 7A including Westpac Bank. Fisheries Assessment Report 2024/58, 42 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/64977-FAR-202458-Assessment-of-the-Challenger-Plateau-orange-roughy-stock-for-2024

Dunn, M. R., Doonan, I.J., and Anderson, O.F. (2025). Additional analyses for orange roughy (ORH 3B). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2025/18. 43 p. Retrieved from FAR 2025/18 Additional analyses for orange roughy (ORH 3B)

Deepwater Council. (2024). Deepwater Trawl Benthic Operational Procedures. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Benthic-OP-2024-Published-150824.pdf

Dunn, M. R. (2024). Assessment of the Challenger Plateau orange roughy stock for 2024. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2024/58. 42 p. Retrieved from https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/02-SC/12th-SC-2024/Deepwater/SC12-DW05-NZL-Assessment-of-the-Challenger-Plateau-orange-roughy-stock-for-2024.pdf

Dunn, M. R. & Doonan, I. J. (2018). Assessment of the Chatham Rise orange roughy stocks for 2017. Fisheries Assessment Report 2018-59, 60.p. Retrieved from https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=24657

Escobar-Flores, P.C. and Maurice, A. (2024). Estimation of the abundance of orange roughy on the southwest Challenger Plateau (ORH 7A including Westpac Bank). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2024/26. 61 p. Retrieved from https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=25743

Fisheries New Zealand. (2024). Medium Term Research Plan for Deepwater Fisheries 2024/25 to 2029/30. Fisheries New Zealand Information Paper No: 2024/03. 42 p. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/21746-medium-term-research-plan-for-deepwater-fisheries

Fisheries New Zealand. (2025). Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2025 Volume 2: Orange Roughy (ORH 3B). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from Orange roughy (ORH 3B) – Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2024 Volume 2 (mpi.govt.nz)

Fisheries New Zealand. (2025a). Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2024 Volume 2: Orange Roughy (ORH 7A). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from Orange roughy (ORH 7A) – Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2024 Volume 2 (mpi.govt.nz)

Fisheries New Zealand. (2011). Operational Guidelines for New Zealand’s Harvest Strategy Standard. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/19706-OPERATIONAL-GUIDELINES-FOR-NEW-ZEALANDS-HARVEST-STRATEGY-STANDARD

Fisheries New Zealand. (2008). Harvest Strategy Standard for New Zealand Fisheries. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/728-Harvest-Strategy-Standard-for-New-Zealand-Fisheries

New Zealand Legislation. (1996). Fisheries Act 1996. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0088/latest/DLM394192.html#DLM395507

Reeve, V. (2014). Letter from Vicky Reeve to MRAG Americas recognising the agreed harvest control rule. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MPI_2014_Support-for-Harvest-Control-Rule.pdf

Ryan, T. and Tilney, R. (2017). Biomass surveys of orange roughy spawning aggregations in ORH3B NWCR and ESCR management sub-areas in June-July 2016 using a net attached acoustic optical system. Final Report to Deepwater Group Ltd, New Zealand. 67 p. https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ryan-Tilney-2017.-Biomass-Estimation-of-ORH-3B-Orange-Roughy-in-NWCR-and-ESCR-June-July-2016.pdf

Ryan, T. and Tilney, R. (2021). Acoustic Biomass Surveys of Orange Roughy in ORH 3B North Chatham Rise. Survey Program. Presentation to Deepwater Group, 15 p. https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ryan-Tilney-2021.-Voyage-Programme-Presentation-ORH-3B_biomass-Surveys.pdf

Ryan, T. and Tilney, R. (2021a). Acoustic Biomass Surveys of Orange Roughy and benthic biodiversity camera trials in ORH 3B North Chatham Rise. Voyage Program. Report prepared for Deepwater Group and Fisheries New Zealand. 20 p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ryan-Tilney-2021a.-Voyage-Program-Report-ORH3B-Biomass-Surveys.pdf

Ryan, T. and Tilney, R. (2023). Acoustic Biomass Surveys of Orange Roughy Spawning Aggregations in ORH 3B NWCR and ORH 3B ESCR Chatham Rise, June/July 2022. Draft New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report. 79 p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/NZ2022_FAR_format_ORH3B_Chatham_Rise_final-071223.pdf

Ryan, T., Tilney, R., Cordue, P. and Downie, R. (2021). South-west Challenger Plateau trawl and acoustic biomass survey June-July 2018. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2021/53. 55 p. Retrieved from https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/24956/FAR-2021-53-SW-Challenger-Orange-Roughy-Trawl-Acoustic-Biomass-Survey-2018-4010.pdf.ashx

Ryan, T.E., Tilney, R. and Downie, R. (2023). Acoustic biomass surveys of orange roughy in ORH 3B North Chatham Rise, June/July 2021. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2023/45. 49 p. Retrieved from https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/25562/FAR-2023-45-Acoustic-Orange-Roughy-Surveys-ORH3B-June-July-2021-4301.pdf.ashx

PRINCIPLE 2 - MINIMAL IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

"Fishing operations should allow for the maintenance of the structure, productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem (including habitat and associated dependent and ecologically related species) on which the fishery depends."

The intent of this principle is to encourage the management of fisheries from an ecosystem perspective under a system designed to restrain the impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem.

Key P2 References

Anderson, O F & Finucci, B. (2022). Non-target fish and invertebrate catch and discards in New Zealand orange roughy and oreo trawl fisheries from 2002–03 to 2019–20. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 282. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/50299-AEBR-282-Non-target-fish-and-invertebrate-catch-and-discards-in-New-Zealand-orange-roughy-and-oreo-trawl-fisheries-from-200203-to-201920

Anderson, O, Tracey, D, Bostock, H, Williams, M, & Clark, M. (2014). Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69. 46 p. https://dxcprod.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and coastal/marine-conservation-services/meetings/protected-coral-distribution modelling.pdf

Anderson, O, Mikaloff Fletcher, S, & Bostock, H. (2015). Development of models for predicting future distributions of protected coral species in the New Zealand Region. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation. WLG2015-65. 28 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/reports/pre-2019-annual-plans/models-predicting-future-distributions-corals-nz-niwa-dec-2015.pdf

Anderson, O, Tracey, D, & Rowden, A. (2019). Habitat suitability modelling for Protected Corals in New Zealand Waters. Final methodology report, prepared for Conservation Services Programme, Department of Conservation. 20 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and coastal/marine-conservation-services/reports/pop2018-01-finalmethods.pdf

Baird, S. and Mules, R. (2023). Extent and intensity of bottom contact by commercial trawling and shellfish dredging in New Zealand waters, 1990–2021. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 316. 174 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/57907-AEBR-316-Extent-and-intensity-of-bottom-contact-by-commercial-trawling-and-shellfish-dredging-in-New-Zealand-waters-19902021

Black, J & Easterbrook-Clark, L. (2022). New Zealand Orange Roughy Trawl Footprint and Coral Interaction Analysis 2005/06 to 2019/20. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science Consultancy Report 2021/120. https://deepwatergroup.org/wp content/uploads/2022/03/Black-Easterbrook-Clarke-2021.-New-Zealand-Orange Roughy-Trawl-Footprint-and-Coral-Interaction-Analysis-200506-to-201920 _Redacted.pdf

Bowden, D, Anderson, O F, Escobar-Flores, P, Rowden, A A, and Clark, M R. (2019). Quantifying benthic biodiversity: using seafloor image data to build single-taxon and community distribution models for Chatham Rise, New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 221. 64 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/37823-AEBR-235-Quantifying-benthic biodiversity-using-seafloor-image-data-to-build-single-taxon-and-community distribution-models-for-Chatham-Rise-New-Zealand

Cairns, S. (1995). The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Memoir N.Z. Oceanographic Institute, 103: 1–210. Retrieved from https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8157

Cleal, J. (2021). Deepwater Group Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) Report for the 2019-20 Fishing Year. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cleal-2020-ELO-Report-2019-20.pdf

Cleal, J. (2022). Deepwater Group Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) Report for the 2020-21 Fishing Year. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/FVMS-ELO-Report-2021-22.pdf

Cleal, J. (2023). Deepwater Group Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) Report for the 2021-22 Fishing Year. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/FVMS-ELO-Report-2021-22.pdf

Cleal, J. (2024). Deepwater Group Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) Report for the 2022-23 Fishing Year. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/FVMS-ELO-2022-23-Report-V2-Feb-2024.pdf

Cleal, J. (2025). Deepwater Group Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) Report for 2023-24 Fishing Year. Nelson, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/FVMS-ELO-Report-2023-24.pdf

Department of Conservation & Fisheries New Zealand. (2020). National Plan of Action – Seabirds 2020. Wellington New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/40652-National-Plan-Of-Action-Seabirds-2020-Report

Deepwater Group. (2020). Orange Roughy Trawl – Progress against Conditions 2 & 3. Report prepared for the Third MSC Surveillance Audit, February 2020. 23p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Progress-Against-Coral-Conditions-ORH-MSC-Audit-3-Final-270220.pdf

Deepwater Group. (2020a). Orange Roughy Trawl - Situation Report. Report prepared for the Third MSC Surveillance Audit, February 2020. 41p. Retrieved from deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ORH-Trawl-Situation-Report-Audit-3-Final-270220.pdf

Deepwater Group. (2021). New Zealand Orange Roughy Trawl Situation Report 2021. Prepared for the 2021 MSC Fisheries Certification Re-assessment. 106 p. https://deepwatergroup.org/species/orange-roughy/orange-roughy-msc-reassessment/.

Deepwater Group. (2021a) Submission to the Environment Select Committee on Seamounts and Bottom Trawling. Deepwater Group Report. 30 August 2021. 75p. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/DWG-Submission-on-Seamounts-and-Bottom-Trawling-to-Environment-Select-Committee-300821-WEB.pdf

Deepwater Group. (2021b). Mitigation of our bottom trawling impacts on corals and benthic habitats. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/6.2-Mitigation-of-our-Bottom-Trawling-Impacts.pdf

Deepwater Group. (2023). Deepwater Trawl Orange Roughy and Oreo Operational Procedures 2023-24.Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ORH-OEO-OP-2023-24.pdf

Deepwater Group. (2023a). Deepwater Trawl Benthic Operational Procedures 2023-24. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Benthic-OP-2024-Published-150824.pdf

Devine, J. A., Ballara, S. L., and Wieczorek, A. M. (2025). Trawl survey for middle depth fish species off the west coast South Island, July–August 2024 (TAN2407). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2025/41. 93 p. Retrieved from FAR 2025/41 Trawl survey for middle depth fish species off the west coast South Island, July–August 2024 (TAN2407)

Finucci, B, Edwards, C T, Anderson, O F, & Ballara, S L. (2019). Fish and invertebrate bycatch in New Zealand deepwater fisheries from 1990-91 to 2016-17. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity report No. 210. 77 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/34323-AEBR-210-Fish-and-invertebrate bycatch-in-New-Zealand-deepwater-fisheries-from-199091-until-201617

Fisheries New Zealand. (2024). Annual Operational Plan for Deepwater Fisheries 2023/24. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/60925-Annual-operational-plan-for-deepwater-fisheries-202324

Fisheries New Zealand. (2024a). Deepwater Annual Review Report 2022/23. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/68307-Annual-review-report-for-deepwater-fisheries-202223

Fisheries New Zealand. (2025). Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2025 Volume 2: Oreos (OEO 4). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/69846-Fisheries-Assessment-Plenary-May-2025-Volume-2-OREOS-OEO-4-BLACK-OREO-AND-SMOOTH-OREO

Fisheries New Zealand. (2025a). Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2025 Volume 1: Hoki (HOK). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/69729-Fisheries-Assessment-Plenary-May-2025-Volume-1-HOKI-HOK

Fisheries New Zealand. (2025b). Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2025 Volume 1: Hake (HAK). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/69726-Fisheries-Assessment-Plenary-May-2025-Volume-1-HAKE-HAK

Large, K. (2014). Population changes in rattail species on the Chatham Rise. (Master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington). Typeset. Retrieved from https://typeset.io/pdf/population-changes-in-rattail-species-on-the-chatham-rise-1ibei21z3l.pdf

MacGibbon, D.J.; Mules, R. (2023). Extent and intensity of bottom contact by commercial trawling and shellfish dredging in New Zealand waters, 1990–2021. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 316. 174 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/57907/direct

McConnaughey R. A., Hiddink J. G., Jennings S., et al. (2019). Choosing best practices for managing impacts of trawl fishing on seabed habitats and biota. Fish and Fisheries. 2020; 21: 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12431

McMillan, P. J., Francis, M. P., James, G. D., Paul, L. J., Marriott, P., Mackay, E. J., Wood, B. A., Stevens, D. W., Griggs, L. H., Baird, S. J., Roberts, C. D., Stewart, A. L., Struthers, C. D., and Robbins, J. E. (2024). New Zealand fishes. A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing for New Zealand fishers. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 333. 287 p. Retrieved from AEBR 333 New Zealand fishes. A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing for New Zealand fishers

Meyer, S. (2023). Desktop update of estimation of seabird cryptic mortality in trawls, via warp and net captures in the New Zealand domestic fleet using standard mitigation. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 322. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/59485-AEBR-322-Desktop-update-of-estimation-of-seabird-cryptic-mortality-in-trawls-via-warp-and-net-captures-in-the-New-Zealand-domestic-fleet-using-standard-mitigation

Meyer, S. (2023a). Report- Final results: INT2021-02 Characterisation of protected coral interactions. Report for Conservation Services Programme, Department of Conservation, Proteus Client Report: 173. Proteus, Outram, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/reports/202122-annual-plan/int2021-02-characterisation-of-protected-coral-interactions-final-report.pdf

Seafood New Zealand – Deepwater Council. (2024). Deepwater Trawl Benthic Operational Procedures 2023-24. Retrieved from https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Benthic-OP-2024-Published-150824.pdf

Stephenson, F, Bowden, D A, Finucci, B, Anderson, O F, & Rowden, A A. (2021). Developing updated predicted models for benthic taxa and communities across Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau using photographic survey data. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 276. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/48847-AEBR-276-Developing-updated-predictive-models-for-benthic-taxa-and-communities-across-Chatham-Rise-and-Campbell-Plateau-using-photographic-survey-data

Stephenson, F, Geange, S, Rowden, A, Charsley, A, Anderson, O, & Biggerstaff, A. (2022). Further analysis of VME indicator taxa, catchability, and the design of a related research programme (SC10-DW04). South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/SC/10th-SC-2022/SC10-DW04-Further-analysis-of-VME-indicator-taxa-catchability-and-the-design-of-a-related-research-programme-NZ.pdf

Stevens, D. W., Ballara, S. L., Maurice, A., Escobar-Flores, P. C. and Yeoman, J. (2024 Trawl survey of hoki and middle depth species on the Chatham Rise, January 2024 (TAN2401). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2024/77. 118 p. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/65925/direct

Tracey, D. M. and Hjorvarsdottir, F. (2019). The State of Knowledge of Deep-Sea Corals in the New Zealand Region. NIWA Science and Technology Series Number 84. 140 p. Retrieved from Deepsea-corals-NZ-2019-NIWA-SciTechSeries-84.pdf

PRINCIPLE 3 - EFFECTIVE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

"The fishery is subject to an effective management system that respects local, national and international laws and standards and incorporates institutional and operational frameworks that require the use of the resource to be responsible and sustainable."

The intent of this principle is to ensure that there is an institutional and operational framework for implementing Principles 1 and 2, appropriate to the size and scare of the fishery.

Key P3 References

Fisheries New Zealand. (2010). Orange Roughy Fisheries Plan. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3975-National-Fisheries-Plan-for-Deepwater-and-Middle-depth-Fisheries-Part-1B-Orange-roughy-fishery-chapter

Fisheries New Zealand. (2019). National Fisheries Plan for Deepwater and Middle-depth Fisheries 2019. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3967-National-Fisheries-Plan-for-Deepwater-and-Middle-depth-Fisheries-2019

Fisheries New Zealand. (2019a). Compliance Delivery Model. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/39353-Fisheries-Management-Fact-Sheet-6-Compliance-Delivery-model

Fisheries New Zealand. (2024b). Medium Term Research Plan for Deepwater Fisheries 2024/25 to 2029/30. Fisheries New Zealand Information Paper No: 2024/03. 42 p. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/21746-medium-term-research-plan-for-deepwater-fisheries

Minister for Oceans and Fisheries. (2025). Decision letter: Review of sustainability measures for fisheries – October 2025 round. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry for Primary Industries. Retrieved from Minister for Oceans and Fisheries decision letter – Review of sustainability measures for fisheries – October 2025 round

New Zealand Legislation. (1992). Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0121/latest/DLM281433.html

Orange Roughy ThirdMSC Surveillance Audit 2025